Cystoscopy and cytology remain the standard for diagnosis, but a plethora of urinary biomarkers could someday be a useful adjunct to NMIBC surveillance.
Photodynamic diagnosis cystoscopy demonstrates greater sensitivity in the detection of BCG-refractor bladder tumors compared with standard white light cystoscopy.
Among patients with high-risk pTa bladder cancer, female sex was significantly associated with a higher risk for stage progression compared with male sex.
