Dr. Y, age 57, is an experienced general urologist who practices at a university hospital in the Northeast. In his clinical setting, the family physician—often one from the university’s own clinic—retains control of the patient even if he’s admitted by a specialist. This arrangement is ostensibly to ensure that the patient receives comprehensive care. Dr. Y, while conceding the validity of this holistic approach, resented having FP residents writing orders on his patients, orders that sometimes interfered with his care.

Dr. R, a 59-year-old urologist, felt he was nearing a well-deserved retirement, but then a malpractice case derailed his final plans.

Dr. E was a well-respected urologist whose pragmatic approach and wide experience gave him a reputation as the “go-to” man when things got tough. As a result, he often found himself used as a “superconsultant” on difficult cases, struggling with critical clinical situations that did not always have a positive outcome.

When Dr. R, age 33, finished his urologic residency and went in search of a location to settle down, he selected a community hospital in a rural area. He was attracted because the hospital already had two urologists on the staff, and he was assured by the hospital administrator that the ER call was on a rotating basis.

Dr. H, age 35, recently graduated from a well-recognized urology residency and considered himself a well-trained surgeon who could deal with almost anything. He joined a large group in a pleasant Midwestern city, becoming one of four urologists. But he hadn’t been in practice long when he faced his first malpractice suit.

Dr. R is a successful urologist who had gathered a wide circle of referring physicians over his 15 years in urologic practice, and he prided himself on his diagnostic acumen. But a missed case of prostate cancer dragged him into a malpractice suit.

Dr. U, age 48, an experienced urologist, does both endoscopic and open abdominal surgery. As his experience accumulated, his reputation for "fixing the hard cases" grew, and referrals flowed his way. One of them he wished he had never accepted.